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ADA NEGRI -
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ADA NEGRI -
Ada Negri (Lodi, February 3, 1870 – Milan, January 11, 1945) was an Italian poet, writer, and teacher.
She is also remembered for being the first and only woman to be admitted to the Academy of Italy.
"I have no name. – I am the rough daughter
Of the humid hovel;
My family is sad and damned plebs,
But an indomitable flame dwells within me."
(Ada Negri, from Senza nome, Fatalità, 1892)
She was born into a humble family: her father Giuseppe was a coachman and her mother, Vittoria Cornalba, a weaver; she spent her childhood in the concierge's lodge of the palace where her grandmother, Giuseppina "Peppina" Panni, worked as a caretaker for the noble Barni family and was linked to the famous mezzo-soprano Giuditta Grisi, for whom she had been a governess; on the relationship between Grisi and her family, Ada will build the myth of her childhood. In the concierge's office Ada spent a lot of time alone, watching people pass by, as described in the autobiographical novel Stella Mattutina (1921).
Just one year after her birth she lost her father, an alcoholic and accustomed to singing, who was therefore considered a burden by her mother: it was thanks to the sacrifices of her mother, who managed to get a permanent job in a factory, that Ada was able to attend the Scuola Normale Femminile in Lodi, obtaining a diploma as an elementary school teacher.
Her first job was at the Collegio Femminile in Codogno, in 1887.
The real teaching experience that marked her life and artistic production, however, was undertaken starting in 1888 in the elementary school of Motta Visconti[1], a municipality in the province of Milan on the border with that of Pavia, where Ada spent the happiest period of her life.
Her work as a teacher is linked and contemporary to her activity as a poet: it was in this period that Negri began to publish her writings in a periodical Treves, Margherita and in a newspaper from Lodi, the Fanfulla da Lodi.
In this period she composed the poems later published in 1892 in the collection Fatalità which had great success, bringing Ada to acquire great fame, to such an extent that, by decree of the minister Ferdinando Martini, she was awarded the title of teacher for clear fame at the "Gaetana Agnesi" High School in Milan. So she moved with her mother to the Lombard capital.
In Milan she came into contact with the members of the Italian Socialist Party, also thanks to the appreciation received from some of them for her poetic production, in which the social question is very much felt. Among them, the journalist Ettore Patrizi played a fundamental role, with whom she had intense epistolary relations; she then met Filippo Turati, Benito Mussolini and Anna Kuliscioff (of whom she said she felt like an ideal sister).
She was strongly involved in social activities: in 1899, together with Ersilia Majno, she founded the National Women's Union and supported the opening of the Mariuccia Asylum in 1904, which she defined as "the first stone of a work of regeneration, far removed and different from the ancient manifestations of superficial charity".
In the years 1903-1943, she wrote many articles on social issues in the Corriere della Sera.
In 1894, she won the Giannina Milli Prize for poetry.
The following year, her second collection of poems, Tempeste, was published, which was less appreciated than Fatalità, and was also the victim of strong criticism by Luigi Pirandello. In this period, her poetry focused mainly on social issues and had strong tones of denunciation, so much so that she was defined as the poet of the Fourth Estate.
1896 was the year of her brief marriage to Giovanni Garlanda, a textile industrialist from Biella, with whom she had her daughter Bianca, the inspiration for many of her poems, and another child, Vittoria, who died after a month of life. From this period onwards, her personal events strongly changed her poetics and her works became strongly introspective and autobiographical, as can be seen in Maternità, published in 1904, and Dal Profondo (1910). The separation from Garlanda occurred in 1913, the year in which Negri moved to Zurich, where she remained until the beginning of the First World War and where she became friends, among others, with Fulcieri Paulucci di Calboli; in Zurich she wrote Esilio, published in 1914, a work with evident autobiographical references, and the collection of short stories Le solitarie, published in 1917, a modern work attentive to the many facets of the female theme. The following year Orazioni was published, a collection of odes to the homeland: the war years had transformed civil passion into patriotism, accompanied by the approach to Mussolini's positions. From 1915 onwards, there is evidence of his presence in Lodi through his correspondence with the actress Paola Pezzaglia, who performed his poetry on stage.
The main theme of his poetry was now feelings and, as he grew older, memory: in 1919, the same year his mother Vittoria died, a new collection of poems was born based on a new sentimental experience, Il libro di Mara, an unusual collection for Catholic society.
Two years later, in 1921, the year of her daughter Bianca's wedding, it was the turn of Stella mattutina, a successful autobiographical novel.
In 1926 and 1927 Ada Negri was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature, which was later awarded to Grazia Deledda. During this period, it was her habit to spend several months a year in Pavia, a city to which she remained very attached, often staying at Palazzo Cornazzani, where Ugo Foscolo and Albert Einstein had already lived.
In 1931 the author was awarded the Mussolini Prize[1] for her career; these were the years in which Benito Mussolini still used the relationships born during his socialist period. The prize consecrated Ada Negri as an intellectual of the regime, so much so that in 1940 she became the first female member of the Royal Academy of Italy, replacing the poet Cesare Pascarella, who died in May of that year.
Her life, however, was now permeated by deep pessimism, closed in on herself and in a newfound religiosity that led her to sink into progressive oblivion.
She died on January 11, 1945, just under a month before turning 75, and was buried in the Famedio in Milan. On April 3, 1976, her tomb was transferred to the ancient Church of San Francesco in Lodi.
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